The Art of Happiness

Have you heard the one about the psychiatrist who met the
Buddhist monk? Normally this would be the beginning of a
good joke, perhaps involving a couch and a begging bowl. In
this instance it forms the basis of a book.
The Art of Happiness is the result of collaboration between Howard
Cutler, a respected psychiatrist, and His Holiness the Dalai Lama. It is
a blend of the Dalai Lama's thoughts on various issues and Howard
Cutler's personal and scientific reflections on them.
Many people have objected to the fact that the Dalai Lama is presented
as "co-author" when he did not actually write anything, but it
doesn't matter when you consider the result: an unusually strong happiness
manual based on questions any of us might ask if we had a few
hours with the man himself.
The nature and sources of happiness
Cutler began working on this book with certain beliefs derived from his
western scientific background, such as that happiness is a mystery and
that the most we can really hope for is the avoidance of misery. Over
the course of many conversations, the Dalai Lama convinced him that
happiness is not a luxury but the purpose of our existence—not only
that, but there is a definite path leading toward it. First we have to
identify the factors that invariably lead to suffering and those that lead
to happiness. Then we must begin eliminating the suffering-causing factors
and cultivate the happiness-causing ones.
Perhaps the most surprising point about happiness is that its
achievement is "scientific" and requires discipline. As Cutler puts it:
"I realized that right from the beginning our interviews had taken on a
clinical tone, as if I were asking him about human anatomy, only in this
case, it was the anatomy of the human mind and spirit."
Below are some points from the book:
? Happiness has many levels. In Buddhism there are four factors—
wealth, worldly satisfaction, spirituality, and enlightenment—which
create "the totality of an individual's quest for happiness." Good
health and a close circle of friends are also important, but the door
into all these things is your state of mind. This not only works to
create the experiences in your life, but is the filter through which
you view them. Without a disciplined mind you are not really in
control of what you are doing, nor can you be independent of events
if you wish to be. The real source of happiness is control of your
consciousness. A calm mind, for instance, or one engaged in meaningful
work equates to happiness.
? A basic way to happiness is to cultivate affection and connection
with other human beings. Even if you lose everything you will have
this. The Dalai Lama notes that while he lost his country, he in a
way gained the whole world, because he had the ability to bond
with others quickly. Always look for what you have in common
with others and you will never really be lonely.
? No matter how powerful they seem, negative emotions and states
of mind have no foundation in reality. They are distortions, stopping
us from seeing things as they really are. We only have to experience
shame or embarrassment once after losing our temper to
appreciate this. When we experience positive states, however, we
are generally closer to the true nature of the universe and how we
could be all the time. All emotions, if practiced regularly, grow in
size. The Dalai Lama continually suggests that we cultivate the positive—
like any good habit you start off small, but the end benefits
are great.
? A positive state of mind is not merely good for you, it benefits everyone
with whom you come into contact, literally changing the world.
No matter how difficult it is, reduce your negative states of mind
and increase your positive ones.
? Having "wholesome" actions as opposed to "unwholesome" actions
is not a matter of morality or religion, it is the practical difference
between happiness and unhappiness. Through self-training, you can
develop a "good heart" that lessens the chances that you will act in
an unproductive way.
? Don't confuse happiness with pleasure. Pleasure is of the senses and
can seem like happiness, but lacks meaning. Happiness, in contrast,
rests on meaning and is often felt despite negative external conditions.
It is stable and persistent. While pleasures are a bonus in life,
happiness is a must.
? Happiness is something to be developed over time. Make a decision
to apply the same effort and determination that you devote to
worldly success to studying and practicing happiness. Systematic
seeking after the causes and ways to happiness can be one of our
most important life decisions, like deciding to get married or
embarking on a career, Cutler says. The alternative is drifting in and
out of happiness by chance, vulnerable to unexpected attacks of
unhappiness. The student of happiness will experience ups and
downs, but will be better equipped to get back to a positive state
more quickly, or to raise their "normal" mental state to a significantly
higher level.
? Over time you must try to cancel out negative emotions, particularly
anger and hatred, and replace them with tolerance and patience. The
Dalai Lama's idea of countering negative thoughts with positive ones
has been validated by the rise and success of cognitive therapy (see
Feeling Good), which gets people to replace distorted modes of
thinking (e.g., "my life is a mess") with more accurate ones ("this
part of my life isn't good, a lot else is").
Compassion and connection
? The fundamental nature of human beings, the Dalai Lama suggests, is
gentleness. Science and philosophy like to portray humans as selfinterested,
but many studies show that people like to be altruistic if
they get a chance (e.g., in disaster relief efforts). We may think of a
baby as the perfect example of humanity living only for its own physiological
needs, but another way to look at it is in terms of the joy that
babies give to those around them. When we see the world not as
aggressive but as basically compassionate, it is easy to see the evidence.
? Compassion is useful. Rather than being sentimental, it is the basis
of communicating well between people. Echoing Dale Carnegie, the
Dalai Lama says that only by really seeing and feeling things from
another's point of view will you truly be able to bond with them.
Compassion is not "feeling sorry for someone" but a recognition of
commonality—what someone else feels today might be what you
will be feeling next week.
? The Dalai Lama is "never lonely." The antidote to loneliness is to be
prepared to connect with anyone. Most people who consider themselves
lonely are surrounded by family and friends, yet they put all
their longings into the hope of finding that "special someone." Open
your eyes to the wealth of people, he says, and loneliness can be a
thing of the past.
? Distinguish between love based on attachment and love based on
compassion. All human beings want to be happy and avoid suffering;
instead of loving a person just so that they will love you back,
begin with seeing the commonality of the human condition and
what you can do to increase this particular person's happiness.
? If you fail to cultivate compassion, or the ability to feel the suffering
of others, you lose the sense of belonging to the human race that is
the source of warmth and inspiration. While feeling another's pain
may not seem appealing, without it we set ourselves up for isolation.
While the ruthless person can never properly relax, the compassionate
person experiences freedom of mind and a rare peace.
Final comments
An effect of reading The Art of Happiness is that you find yourself asking:
"How would the Dalai Lama deal with this situation?" He gives
off a sense of the lightness of life, despite all the negative things, and
this is a person who has lost his whole country.
In the face of Cutler's probing questions it is surprising how often
the Dalai Lama says "I don't know," particularly when addressing the
case of individuals. People are complex, he says, but the western way is
always to find the causes of things, which can lead to a kind of agony if
we don't find an answer. We will not necessarily understand why life
plays out the way it does within the scope of our lifetime.
This view partly comes from his belief in reincarnation and karma,
but can be appreciated separately to Buddhist doctrine. Precisely
because we may not understand everything about our existence, it is all
the more important to be good to other beings and to leave the world a
slightly better place. With this simple command we know that we can't
go wrong.